In the tiny town of Krasnopillia in rural Ukraine, the stillness of the night is shattered by the whine of a Russian drone. Seconds later, a community hospital bursts into flames. Sparks and debris rain down across the skeletons of trees as the fire sends plumes of smoke into the pitch-black sky.
Dozens of people are evacuated, according to local media reports – but as rescuers respond, in what appears to be a double-tap strike, Russian forces hit a shelter where more than 20 patients are huddled, including some with limited mobility.
The strike in March 2025 comes just hours after a larger regional hospital in the northeastern Sumy governorate is targeted, decimating the primary health facilities serving the small town of Krasnopillia, whose prewar population was around 7,700. Healthcare services for the town “practically ceased” in the wake of the strikes, Olena Pryima, a local school director, told Bellingcat in a phone interview.
“[The Russians] destroy the infrastructure so that people do not have the opportunity to live and exist normally. You cannot consult a doctor, nothing,” she said. “And now these people who remain, God forbid, the ambulance will not go there, just because the security situation does not allow it.”
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Her own school was among the many buildings destroyed in Russian strikes, and she says it has been impossible to rebuild amid the ongoing war. “We try to heat some accommodations, in spite of everything … especially since this winter is very difficult,” Pryima said. “But we are not talking about rebuilding at all now. We have hope; we are collecting some documents [such as testimonies and damage assessments], since this will end someday – and then we can rebuild something.”
For the past four years, Bellingcat has been documenting and verifying incidents such as these, chronicling the extensive damage to civilian life and infrastructure after the onset of Russia’s full invasion which began in February 2022.
In over 2,500 cases of civilian harm that we have verified – the vast majority of which occurred on Ukrainian territory, although dozens also took place in Russia – more than 1,100 residential structures were hit. Hundreds of other civilian sites such as schools, playgrounds, fire stations, hospitals, churches, cultural centres, museums, businesses and farms have been impacted too.
Our data – which includes cases that Bellingcat researchers were able to definitively geolocate using open source evidence, and does not reflect the full extent of civilian harm across Ukraine – pinpoints more than 300 attacks on schools or childcare facilities, 170 hits on healthcare or humanitarian sites, and four dozen incidents targeting food and related infrastructure.
While many attacks were clustered around four main cities – Kharkiv, Donetsk, Kherson and Kyiv – we documented strikes across all areas of the country. Of the weapons that could be identified through available open source information, cluster munitions were used in more than 100 cases.
Cluster munitions, which are banned in more than 100 countries (but not Russia or Ukraine), have killed more than 1,200 people since the war began, with Ukraine recording the highest number of annual casualties worldwide from these weapons in 2024 for the third consecutive year, according to the Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor.
Bellingcat and members of its volunteer community logged all verified incidents of civilian harm on an interactive TimeMap over a four-year period spanning February 2022 to December 2025. The map is no longer being updated, but it remains online as an archive (and can be seen below).
An interactive map detailing incidents of civilian harm between February 2022 and December 2025.
Since Russia’s invasion four years ago, the civilian toll in Ukraine has been stark, with around 15,000 killed – including more than 750 children – and 40,600 injured, according to a January 2026 report by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
An analysis last year by Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED) found that Russia followed “a persistent pattern of targeting of populated areas … often indiscriminate, other times more deliberate”.
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ACLED’s data for the period of February 2022 to late January 2026 highlights thousands of residential strikes across Ukraine, along with more than 750 attacks on healthcare facilities, 1,200 on educational sites, and 2,400 on energy infrastructure. A February 2025 World Bank report says it will take more than US$500bn to rebuild Ukraine.
These numbers tell only part of the story. While much global media attention has focused on the politics of the Russia-Ukraine war, or highlighted strikes on large urban centres, civilians in remote rural villages have suffered outsized impacts from the destruction of schools, hospitals and cultural institutions – the key threads tying their communities together.
In Verkhna Syrovatka, a small village in Sumy of around 3,800 people, images from the scene of shelling in May 2025 revealed a massive hole in the community’s blue-roofed cultural house. Inside the facility, which once served as a place for rehearsals, children’s classes and folk ensembles, photographs and trophies could be seen amid piles of splintered wood and cracked concrete.
The village’s only school was also impacted, with many of its windows blown out, forcing classes to move online. This devastation reflects a countrywide trend, as UNICEF reports that Ukrainian children are falling behind in core subjects such as reading, maths and science.
Incidents of civilian harm recorder by Bellingcat in Verkhna Syrovatka. Readers can click or tap the dots to learn more about each incident.
Further south, the village of Opytne in the Donetsk region is gradually being erased, amid a series of Russian attacks dating back more than a decade to the 2014 occupation of the Crimean Peninsula.
The village has changed hands repeatedly in recent years. In December 2022, drone footage revealed large-scale destruction of its residential area, including a medical office, music school and church. According to media reports, perhaps only half a dozen residents remain out of more than 1,000 who lived in the village a decade ago.
Image left shows the village of Opytne in 2021, before Russia’s full invasion (Credit: Airbus/Google Earth Pro). Image right shows the village of Opytne in 2024 (Credit: Maxar/Google Earth Pro).
A couple of months later, in February 2023 in Dvorichna, a rural settlement in the Kharkiv region, Russian forces launched another double-tap strike: as first responders searched for survivors from an earlier attack on the village council building, several emergency vehicles were hit.
Located just south of the Russian border, Dvorichna has been occupied on and off since 2022. As a result, the village, whose population was roughly 3,500 four years ago, is estimated to house only 80 residents today.
Across Ukraine, the catalogue of horrors is endless. In Pravdyne, a small village in the Kherson region, the prewar population of more than 1,000 people was reported to have dwindled to fewer than 200 by late 2022. Corpses showing signs of torture have been exhumed from garden beds; in one case, residents reportedly buried the bodies of Ukrainian soldiers under slabs of slate to prevent dogs from reaching them.
Incidents of civilian harm recorder by Bellingcat in Pravdyne. Readers can click or tap the dots to learn more about each incident.
In Sumy Oblast, Russian drone and missile attacks have forced residents to flee homes they inhabited for half a century. In the village of Hroza in northeastern Ukraine, one-fifth of the population died in a single attack while attending the funeral of a soldier, according to local officials.
What may never be calculated are the impacts this brutal conflict will have on future generations.
Incidents of civilian harm recorder by Bellingcat in Hroza. Readers can click or tap the dots to learn more about each incident.
Back in Krasnopillia, the local school director, Pryima says residents have tried hard to stay in what she calls “the zone of resilience”, but it has been a struggle.
“It’s very scary to fall asleep, because you don’t know if you’ll wake up in the morning,” she said, noting that residents live in constant fear of the drones that fly overhead, keenly aware that a bomb may drop at any moment.
For Ukrainian children, the effects have been especially dire.
“Those children, before the full-scale invasion, were carefree, cheerful – what children should be,” Pryima said. “Those children are no longer there.”
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